For example, you can format a cell to display data as currency, as a date, scientific notation, or several other formats. For example, in the case of currency format, the cell data could have several decimal places. But when formatting for currency, a dollar symbol will display and the cell will only show the hundredths place 2 decimal points , even if the actual data in the cell has is more exact and has more decimal points.
The way to understand what the actual data is in a cell is to look at the formula bar. This will sometimes show you the raw data. The cell format is generally used to make thing more human-readable. But sometimes this can be the cause of consternation, especially when using formulas. This could especially be tricky when using dates. This next section will describe how to calculate a percent change between two numbers. A percent change is calculated by finding the difference between the two numbers, and comparing that difference by the first number.
In our spreadsheet on murder weapons, we can calculate how much each weapon increased or decreased between to This formula tells the spreadsheet to find the difference of homicides by subtracting the total homicides in from After that, divides the results to the original value.
Note: The parentheses in this formula are also important to define the correct order of operations. The total number of homicides by all types of weapons declined by 9. But to make it into a more human-readable format, we can change the data format of the cell to a percentage. Click on cell:.
Pass your mouse over the bottom right corner of the cell until the cursor changes to thin crosshairs. Click and drag the mouse cursor down over the rest of the cells in the H column. Release your mouse button when you get to cell:.
The percent changes for all the different types of weapons used in homicides will appear on your screen. In the formula for percent change we used in the previous section, parentheses were included in the formula:. The parentheses in this formula are very important. These tell the spreadsheet to subtract the number of homicides in B5 from the number of homicides in F5 first , and then divide that amount by the number of homicides in B5.
Finally it would subtract the result from F5, resulting in an incorrect number. So if you are doing a calculation involving several steps, it is important to include parentheses so you can group the numbers properly and the spreadsheet thus knows the order in which to do the calculations. In our spreadsheet, for example, we might want to know what percentage of homicides involved each different type of weapon compared to a specific year. This formula tells the spreadsheet to divide the number of homicides involving firearms in F6 by the total number of homicides that year F5.
So firearm related homicides were about two thirds of the total number of homicides in Good… so far. But, you might then try to apply this same formula to the cells for the other types of weapons by dragging the crosshairs, as we did in the previous example. The problem is that when the spreadsheet copies a formula using this method, it shifts the letters for both cells in the original formula F6 and F5 as it applies that formula to other cells resulting in F7 divided by F6 in the next cell down.
To fix this, we need to force the spreadsheet to always divide the numbers for each type of weapon used by a constant number — the total number of homicides in cell F5. This is called anchoring the cell in our formula, and force the spreadsheet always to use one cell each time.
The dollar signs tell Excel to always keep anchored on cell F5 and the data in it when applying this formula to other cells. For example, in our example spreadsheet on weapons used in homicides, what if you wanted to know the total number of homicides in which did not include a firearm?
To calculate that, you could add up the numbers in rows 12 to 21 for each year using the SUM formula. To use the SUM formula to calculate the number of non-firearm-related homicides in rows 12 to 21, first click on cell:. A range has two cell references separated by a colon. Ranges can even span multiple row or multiple columns, and can be used in numerous formulas.
You also can add up select numbers in a column, rather than a span of them, using the SUM formula. To do that, in the SUM formula you replace the colon with commas to separate the specific cells you want to total up.
Thus if you wanted to total up only the number of homicides in in which either poison cell B15 or narcotics cell B18 was involved, you would type this formula. This would mean adding cells B6 through F6. Such calculations are also called sensitivity analysis or stress testing. With the formulation of a safe financial model, what-if calculations are easy to be performed.
The change in any number of variable inputs enables in knowing the effect that a researched output will have. Business entities compile financial models for assessing budgeting requirements on an internal basis and measuring contemplated investments. A discounted cash flow model helps in measuring the feasibility of a project. Translation: If the value in C6 is less than 70, return "Fail". Otherwise, return "Pass".
Note: If you are new to the idea of formula criteria, this article explains many examples. The IF function can return another formula as a result. The IF function can be " nested ". A "nested IF" refers to a formula where at least one IF function is nested inside another in order to test for more conditions and return more possible results.
Each IF statement needs to be carefully "nested" inside another so that the logic is correct. Up to 64 IF functions can be nested. For example, to return "OK" when A1 is between 7 and 10, you can use a formula like this:. Translation: if A1 is greater than 7 and less than 10, return "OK". Otherwise, return nothing "". Criteria can be applied to dates, numbers, and text. The Excel AND function is a logical function used to require more than one condition at the same time.
The OR function is a logical function to test multiple conditions at the same time. The OR function can be used as the logical test inside the Skip to main content. Excel IF Function. Return value. Excel Usage notes. IF formula examples. Advanced IF functions - Working with nested formulas and avoiding pitfalls. Training videos: Advanced IF functions.
AND function. OR function. Overview of formulas in Excel. How to avoid broken formulas. Detect errors in formulas. Logical functions. Excel functions alphabetical. Excel functions by category. Table of contents. Next: Common uses of functions.
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