The program is divided into functions, and the task is done sequentially. These functions share the global data or variables, and there is an exchange of data among those functions. POP Flowchart. All the computer programs are initially procedural. A programmer has to feed the computer with a set of instructions by which the code will move from one to another.
As the functions share global data, they move singly around the system from one function to another, making the program vulnerable to data breaches. To overcome this limitation, the object-oriented programming concept comes in, which guarantees data security.
With POP, modeling real-world scenarios are difficult. With the addition of new data, all the functions have to be modified. Functions transform data from one form to another.
POP follows a top-down programming approach while designing a program. The two major programming paradigms, viz. Data Science. Data Science All Courses M. Sc in Data Science — University of Arizona. Software Engineering All Courses M. Table of Contents. Leave a comment. Behavior is called a method. Student, Lecturer, Person, Course, Book, etc. These objects communicate with other objects by passing messages. A class is a blueprint to create an object. Therefore, it is not possible to create objects without a class.
For example, the object called Ann is created using the class Student. This object has states such as name, age, id, city, grade, and behaviors such as reading, walking, studying, eating, etc.
The object and class are two fundamental concepts in OOP. Furthermore, there are four major pillars in OOP. They are the inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. They are as follows. Inheritance — When an object uses the properties and methods of an already existing object, it is called inheritance. It improves code reusability and maintainability. Polymorphism — Allows an object to perform in multiple ways. Method overloading and method overriding are used to achieve polymorphism.
Abstraction — Hides the internal details and shows only the functionality. Abstract classes and interfaces are used to achieve abstraction. Encapsulation — Binds the attributes and methods into a single unit. Overall, OOP makes the development and maintenance easier.
Data is global, and all the functions can access global data. The basic drawback of the procedural programming approach is that data is not secured because data is global and can be accessed by any function. Program control flow is achieved through function calls and go to statements. Structure oriented. Program is divided into objects. Program is divided into functions. Bottom-up approach. Top-down approach. Inheritance property is used. Inheritance is not allowed. It uses access specifier.
Encapsulation is used to hide the data. No data hiding. Concept of virtual function. No virtual function.
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